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Severe punishments of heretics foreshadowed Inquisition. Russia Christianized (988) 996GREGORY V Saxon. Following a vision Constantine declared Christianity the official religion 314ST. He may have been murdered 903LEO V After a few weeks he was imprisoned, then murdered 904SERGIUS IIIRestored Lateran Palace after an earthquake 911ANASTASIUS III Disorder. Pope sixtus 2 6. CELESTINE V Incompetent. Poland Christianized (966) 973BENEDICT VI When protector Otto I died, he was killed by antipope Boniface 974BENEDICT VII Charitable pope. Church does not admit to misjudgment of Galileo until 1979 1644INNOCENT X Thirty Years War between Protestant countries (Nothern Europe) and Holy Roman Empire ends 1655ALEXANDER VII Commissioned Bernini to enclose St. Peter's Square in semicircular colonnades 1667CLEMENT IX Unlike predecessors, gave little to his relatives 1670CLEMENT XCanonized Rose of Lima, South America's first saint 1676INNOCENT XI Austere and moral, fought nepotism.
STEPHEN IPersecutions continue. LEO I (THE GREAT)Watershed papacy. PASCAL I Incited Christians of Palestine and Spain against the Arabs 824EUGENE IIFounded what became the Roman Curia, or "cabinet" of advisers 827VALENTINE Served only 40 days 827GREGORY IVOrganized army against Saracens in Africa 844SERGIUS II Arabs invade Rome, pillaging St. Peter's and St. Paul's 847ST. Only Dutch pope; last non-Italian until John Paul II. Crippled with gout, served only 20 days 708CONSTANTINE Syrian. Sainted pope after sixtus iii. EUTYCHIAN Martyr 283ST. First St. Peter's built 336ST.
Virtual civil ruler of Rome 604SABINIANDespised. Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) restricted its use to the Bishop of Rome. Reformer 1059NICHOLAS II French. Probably poisoned 913LANDO Man of good character.
Shameless nepotism and excess 1335BENEDICT XII French. MARKInstituted the pallium, a woolen vestment worn around neck, still worn by the pope 337ST. Declared papal Inquisition: death for heretics 1241CELESTINE IV Died mysteriously after 16 days 1243INNOCENT IV First to approve of torture to extract confessions from heretics 1254ALEXANDER IVSummary prosecution against heresy 1261URBAN IV French. Sold church offices to highest bidder 1404INNOCENT VII Brutal. First monarchical episcopate. Restored papal power 1281MARTIN IV French. Asserted papal claims as Roman (Western) Empire collapsed 417ST. Pope between sixtus iii and hilarious photo. Built St Peter's Basilica, employed Raphael, Michelangelo 1513LEO X Selling of offices and indulgences sparked the Reformation 1522ADRIAN VI Dutch.
May have been murdered 1012BENEDICT VIII Used armed force to crush revolts. SIXTUS III Erected, embellished churches. First of four German popes imposed by German emperor. Saved Rome from Lombard siege. Gestures toward East came to nothing 1272GREGORY X The Holy See was vacant for three years until the people threatened to starve cardinals 1276INNOCENT V Spread Christianity to Mongolia, baptised the Great Khan's ambassadors 1276ADRIAN V Lasted just 39 days 1276JOHN XXIPortuguese. Aided poor and needy, calling them his "nephews" 1700CLEMENT XIPromoted missions in Far East, but exposed Chinese Catholics to persecution 1721INNOCENT XIIIConstantly ill, battled Jesuits. AGATHORestored relations between Roman and Byzantine rulers 682ST. Only time two legitimate popes have served at once 657ST. MARTIN I Last pope to be recognized as a martyr 654ST. Built Rome's Spanish Steps 1730CLEMENT XII Beautified Rome, building famous Trevi Fountain. Died mysteriously after six months 914JOHN X Defeated Saracens. Rome declining, empire is formally partitioned into East and West 296ST. Tried to restore order 561JOHN III Incited Italians to defend themselves from new threat of Barbarian invaders 575BENEDICT IBarbarians lay siege to Rome. Now popes validate the emperors 817ST.
Last of the antipopes, Felix V, abdicates 1447NICHOLAS V First Renaissance pope. Laid foundation for College of Cardinals. 963LEO VIII Elected after John XII was deposed. First and only Portuguese pope. May have been poisoned 687ST. Exiled 533JOHN II First to change pope name (from pagan Mercury). Politically inept 418ST.
Son of Roman ruler Alberic II 1045SYLVESTER IIIExcommunicated by Benedict. GREGORY II Sent mission to Germany. A shallow playboy, created lavish lifestyle for himself and cardinals 1471SIXTUS IV Built Vatican Libraries and Sistine Chapel. Politically and militarily powerful 1024JOHN XIX First and only pope to succeed his brother. GREGORY I (THE GREAT)Social overhaul of Europe.
But nepotism returns 1691INNOCENT XIIReformist, issued decree against nepotism. He rehabilitated Formosus, then was poisoned 898JOHN IXProhibited trials of the deceased 900BENEDICT IV Political, social chaos in Italy. INNOCENT I First son to succeed father as pope. Introduced sung 'Gloria' in Sunday liturgy 514ST. Beheaded by Roman forces during a liturgical service 259ST. Fought Eastern heresies 642THEODORE I From Jerusalem. Launched unsuccessful third Crusade 1191CELESTINE III Assumed papal chair at age 87, one of the oldest pontiffs ever 1198INNOCENT III Wealthy. Angry Romans then deposed him 964BENEDICT VChosen by people, then deposed by emperor. SIRICIUS First to use term 'pope' from the Greek, for father. Muhammad (570-632) builds following 640SEVERINUS Fought with Emperor Heraclus in East 640JOHN IV Croatian. PONTIAN Ordered singing of psalms.
Most infamous pope in history. His ministry - including strengthening the other apostles and their successors, the bishops, in faith, and speaking for the whole church - was not intended to end with his death. FELIX III Tried to depose patriarch of Constantinople 492ST. Claimed authority over whole Christian world 1216HONORIUS III Rose against emperor of Germany. ANASTASIUS I Strict. NICHOLAS I (THE GREAT) Took care of poor, protected the oppressed.
Imprisoned, mutilated. Possibly poisoned 884ST. Excommunicated Constantinople's patriarch, creating East-West schism that lasts to this day 1055VICTOR IIGerman. Shifted papal residence to Avignon. Aided monasteries 939STEPHEN IX May have conspired against Alberic. Concordat of Worms proclaimed sole right of the pope to nominate bishops 1124HONORIUS II Peaceful interlude. First to impose Roman standards (the date of Easter) elsewhere 199ST. Instigated another Crusade 1265CLEMENT IV French. Last of the Avignon popes, last French pope. Anarchy in Rome 1406GREGORY XII Last pope to abdicate 1417MARTIN VElection ended Western schism. Under attack from Saracens, Turks in the East, and in Spain 705JOHN VIIEmperor Justinian II slaughters many Italians 708SISSINNIUS Syrian. Rome beginning to emerge as major Christian center 140ST. Resisted new emperor in East 731ST. Decapitated on the pontifical chair 257ST.
The Bishop of Rome also is Patriarch of the West and "Servant of the Servants of God" or universal pastor of the Church. Brought peace to Italy and the church. Decided that only cardinals should elect a pope 1061ALEXANDER II Backed Christians against Muslims, defended Jews in Spain and France 1073ST. Established Easter on first Sunday after the full moon in March 155ST. Papal States dissolved. Cardinals, expecting payoffs, resisted reform 1523CLEMENT VII As Protestant Reformation spread, he refused to convene a council to confront crisis 1534PAUL IIIConvened Council of Trent, launching Counter-Reformation. Strong and popular pope, defied emperor.