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Ermines Crossword Clue. In honor of Achilles, Alexander and his friends then raced around the tomb and crowned it with garlands. Let me be clear: I don't actually mind it when an author interprets their relationship as just being as close as brothers or platonic soulmates or childhood sweethearts or whatever, but I find it completely weird to just call Hephaestion "his best friend" over and over again without commenting or analysing anything. Check Book famously carried by Alexander the Great throughout his conquest of Asia Crossword Clue here, NYT will publish daily crosswords for the day. Overall, this book was all right as a general source of information about Alexander and gave a real feel for the many battles he went through (far more military details than I like). "For a brief period the fighting was hand to hand, but when Alexander and his horseman pressed the enemy hard, shoving the Persians and striking their faces with spears, and the Macedonian phalanx, tightly arrayed and bristling with pikes, was already upon them, Darius, who had long been in a state of dread, now saw terrors all around him; he wheeled about — the first to do so — and fled, " Arrian wrote. Five Books interviews are expensive to produce. Alexander promptly marched into her lodgings and began dragging her forcibly into the shrine.
The writings of Paul, the apostle who took Christianity across the mountains and seas wrote in Greek. He had dodged a whole lot of death, but that right there is enough to weaken anyone's immune system. Yet, despite his military accomplishments, ancient records say that he failed to win the respect of some of his subjects, wrote Pierre Briant, emeritus professor of history at Collège de France, in " Alexander the Great and His Empire (opens in new tab)" (Princeton University Press, 2010) and, furthermore, he had some of the people closest to him murdered. Tutored as a boy by Aristotle, Alexander had an inquisitive mind that would serve him well when he faced formidable obstacles during his military campaigns. 4 And since he was charging against hostile missiles and precipitous positions covered with infantry and cavalry, and through a stream that swept men off their feet and surged about them, he seemed to be acting like a frenzied and foolish commander rather than a wise one. So if you come across this issue, compare the answers to your puzzle. That image presented of him as the unconquered god was not megalomaniacal, not thinking that he is immortal or anything, but recognising that he has these achievements which are huge, and that only gods and heroes, like Heracles, have ever approached. 30 But on Alexander's side, Aristobulus says there were thirty-four dead in all, of whom nine were footmen. And this is a copy of the letter. "Alexander had always been a heavy drinker and the substance abuse began to take its toll. Was he accepted by the Persians after he defeated them in battle? 3 Well, then, the night before that on which the marriage was consummated, the bride dreamed that there was a peal of thunder and that a thunder-bolt fell upon her womb, and that thereby much fire was kindled, which broke into flames that travelled all about, and then was extinguished. The other thing is, of course, Alexander's death. He was cruel and he was merciful.
A full chapter is earmarked in the book to describe Alexander's campaign in India. Scythian horsemen from the Persian Empire's northern borders faced Alexander, as did "Indian" troops (as the ancient writers called them) who were probably from modern-day Pakistan. The context makes the verse suggest the murder of Attalus, Philip, and Cleopatra. Although he did not himself shun the title of tutor, since the office afforded an honourable and brilliant occupation, yet by other people, owing to his dignity and his relationship, he was called Alexander's foster-father and preceptor. 7 For he dreamed that the Macedonian phalanx was all on fire, and that Alexander, attired in a robe which he himself formerly used to wear when he was a royal courier, was waiting upon him, after which service he passed into the temple of Belus and disappeared. 7 He had also the most complete mastery over his appetite, and showed this both in many other ways, and especially by what he said to Ada, whom he honoured with the title of Mother and made queen of Caria. 14 Thus brought to his senses, Philip sent and fetched Alexander home, having persuaded him to come through the agency of Demaratus. He was an empire builder. Arrian chooses those who don't do that. For example, here's how Freeman describes the Gordian knot: "A famously difficult knot around the yoke of an ancient wagon was undone [in Gordium] in 333 by Alexander, some say by unloosing and others by slashing through it with his sword. Part of what Arrian is doing in his book is suggesting that there were things that Alexander the Great did that were good, but there were also things Alexander did which weren't necessarily a good idea for a wise ruler to follow. Dost thou take me for a bastard? "
Macedon was a country that was beset by strife. He's from a town in western Anatolia, but he's very much a figure of Greek literature. She is giving us a picture of his relationship with his parents, the extent to which from an early age, he is engaged in Macedonian politics, but also—and this is where she is her most inventive—this particular interest in his relationships with his young companions, his friends and, in particular, this love story between him and Hephaestion with whom he grew up and for whom, when he died, Alexander is said to have organised extremely lavish funeral celebrations. 1 1 It is the life of Alexander the king, and of Caesar, who overthrew Pompey, that I am writing in this book, and the multitude of the deeds to be treated is so great that I shall make no other preface than to entreat my readers, in case I do not tell of all the famous actions of these men, nor even speak exhaustively at all in each particular case, but in epitome for the most part, not to complain. What Alexander brings to this is military skill and ability, which his father also had, but which Alexander shows in great abundance. 5 Then he declined the possessions which had been allotted to him, and some of the other friends of Alexander did likewise. 7 Many rushed upon Alexander, for he was conspicuous by his buckler and by his helmet's crest, on either side of which was fixed a plume of wonderful size and p267 whiteness. First, I can't really grasp military stuff. Exhaustive strictness Crossword Clue NYT. 6 His rapid passage along the coasts of Pamphylia has afforded many historians material for bombastic and terrifying description. Additionally, some clues may have more than just one answer. Arrian knew Hadrian.
The New York Times, one of the oldest newspapers in the world and in the USA, continues its publication life only online. "Philip ensured Alexander was given a noteworthy and significant education. No wonder then that the king decided to retrace his steps after his home-sick soldiers refused to march any further beyond the Punjab rivers. I just think it's unfortunate to have this big personality to write about and only concentrate on his genius when it comes to war. 5 The other seers, now, were led by the vision to suspect that Philip needed to put a closer watch upon his marriage relations; but Aristander of Telmessus said that the woman was pregnant, since no seal was put upon what was empty, and pregnant of a son whose nature would be bold and lion-like. 11 After this drunken broil Alexander took Olympias and established her in Epirus, while he himself tarried in Illyria. It was literally Alexander against the world. So, we have these sources which help us to get a more accurate impression of what the Empire that Alexander conquered was like, written by people who were not anxious to sell a particular picture of Alexander. There are quite a lot of novels about Alexander and I think that, of them all, Mary Renault's is the most readable and the most entertaining. Mary Renault is more similar to Arrian than most of the history books written about Alexander. LA Times Crossword Clue Answers Today January 17 2023 Answers. 24 For a full account of Alexander's capture and destruction of Thebes, see Arrian, Anab. And what makes it possible for him to run Persia for the brief time that he does before his death is his maintenance of Persian governmental structures and—what was controversial to people like Arrian and Curtius—his adoption of some of the practices of how to be an Achaemenid King and how he related to the Persian hierarchy by adopting these practices.
At first this went well, and Darius's soldiers got in the rear of Alexander's force. So, it's a picture of Alexander as a good character, more perhaps than Alexander as a bearer of Greek culture. So some key claims, perhaps especially controversial ones, are sources. Of course this way it rang totally false. Arrian wrote that Alexander rebuked Darius in writing, saying "in the future whenever you send word to me, address yourself to me as King of Asia and not as an equal, and let me know, as the master of all that belonged to you, if you have need of anything.
NYT is available in English, Spanish and Chinese. So yeah, I've avoided him for this reason alone. I think it's also worth adding—and this is straying into the controversial—that Macedonia was, effectively, set up as a kingdom in the late sixth century BC, when the Persians under King Darius I invaded northern Greece. This was the first time the country became the focal point of international attention in history.
Dust sheets can be applied over shelving units or as curtains against the sides or over individual objects or groups of objects on individual shelves. The electrochemical process involves the transfer of electrons from the metal to another species during simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions. These wood cabinets, however, were far from being the ideal environment in which to store or display silver objects, which became quite evident in the form of a recurring need for silver cleaning. Stable surface: Tin is mainly found in collections as a plating (e. tin-plated iron) or as tin alloys because pure tin metal alone is usually too soft to make objects. Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Pollutants, dust (which can contain salts) and other contaminants can also cause or contribute to corrosion. Thieves and vandals. Compare with "Active state. A filter's replacement frequency can also be determined by sending the filter's medium (the actual filtering material), after a few months of use, to a company that can measure how much of its filtering capacity remains. A student investigates a pure metal x ray. Metals exposed to pollutants or dust: if pollutants or dust in certain rooms or areas are high and it is not possible to either eliminate their source or to lower their levels sufficiently using ventilation or other building or room-level means of control, then use sealed enclosures to create a sheltered microenvironment around the metal objects at risk. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH): 400 (lead). A more costly solution to the passive systems (microenvironments with desiccants) is to use active mechanical systems that can achieve very low levels of dehumidification (desiccation). Both the standard type and the system type display cases successfully provide secure, stable and dust-free enclosures in which a desired microclimate can be easily achieved and maintained (Figure 69). Chemically, a patina is a corrosion layer; however, the term is often specifically used to refer to an aesthetically pleasing layer that enhances the metal object and should not be removed.
Acetic and formic acids are corrosive pollutant emissions that can react with some metals—with lead being by far the most sensitive. Emissions from wool in a dark room: 0. A student investigates a pure metal x review. In E. Williams and C. Peachey, eds., The Conservation of Archaeological Materials: Current Trends and Future Directions. Archaeological metals are often brittle due to the deterioration they have undergone during burial, so they can be prone to cracks and fractures. For silver, at a given level of pollutant, the tarnish rate will decrease by a factor of three when the RH is lowered from 75% to 15% (Rimmer et al.
Typical corrosion product colours: white, black (the patina usually appears grey from a mixture of the white and black corrosion products). Their lid is fitted all-around with a sealing gasket and has foldable fasteners on each side that lock onto the container's bottom, thereby creating a fairly tight seal (Figure 52). A student investigates a pure metal x delta. To this hot acid, add about half the zinc pieces provided. Please note that issues relating to metals in an outdoor setting are discussed more specifically in Caring for outdoor objects. Avoid desiccants that contain lithium chloride, which can cause metals to corrode if in direct contact.
For more preservation strategies on water and RH, consult Agent of deterioration: water and Agent of deterioration: incorrect relative humidity. Oil paint dried five weeks: 20, 000 to 70, 000. Performance statistics continue to be collected with the new glass display vitrines, and similar results are expected. Plating metal objects is a process in which a fine layer of one metal is applied on the surface of another metal (the core metal). Emissions from cellulose nitrate films: 4000. Typical corrosion product colours: black, red, orange, yellow, brown. The corrosion appears as a loosely adherent white powder (Figure 26). Stable surface: Nickel is resistant to corrosion and remains bright under normal indoor museum conditions for a long time. If paints cannot be avoided in the room housing lead objects, use a latex paint and air out well beyond the minimum four days (if possible, for several weeks), and protect the lead objects using enclosures with activated charcoal. Technical Bulletin 32. It is also, in general, safer for other museum objects not to be in direct contact with a metal object to prevent the risk of stains from corrosion products. This is because most metals have a thin passivating corrosion (or oxide) layer on their surface. 03 to 40 (with people).
Enclosure: - An enclosure is any type of physical structure that completely encloses and isolates an object from the rest of the room (e. a plastic bag, a box, a storage cabinet or a display case). Stable surface: The surface of a zinc object remains bright for a long time (Figure 3a) and only slowly loses its lustre with the growth of a relatively adherent layer of zinc corrosion products. Enclosed spaces such as display cases or other types of enclosures need to air out for at least four weeks before metal objects are placed within them. Metals are arranged in order of reactivity or potential for corrosion in what is known as a galvanic series (Table 1). Noble metal: - Metal with a low tendency to corrode (e. gold, platinum). Small metal parts, including functional items such as screws or nuts and bolts, may sometimes be loose or insecurely attached to an object. In areas where the external air is polluted, the 100–10–1 rule of thumb can be used to estimate the benefits of using one or two protective envelopes. Active corrosion: Tin and tin alloys do not exhibit active corrosion. If several objects are placed together within a box, a tray or a drawer, separate them with padding to prevent their contact and the risk of nicks and scratches when they are moved or when the drawer is opened. As the room is conditioned to 35% RH, the cabinets have vented backs for passive air exchange, allowing free air circulation between the room and the cabinets (Figure 67). London, UK: Chemical Society, 1973. An example of their use is discussed under Using an anoxic atmosphere to save the Ferryland Cross. This process is often done using an electric current and is then called "electroplating" (a process patented in 1840). After a short time the students observe that the bottom of the beaker is frozen to the wood surface.
Visit Agent of deterioration: pollutants – Vignette 1 to learn about the sources of acetic acid and how to prevent lead objects from being exposed to this harmful pollutant. Means of implementing these strategies are discussed in Microenvironments. As a group, metals share some common and unique properties. At levels between 42–68%, the risk is present and probably moderate to high, while over 68%, the risk of corrosion is very high. Metal in general is most stable in low RH, and silver in particular requires enhanced dust and pollution control measures in addition to a low RH environment at a stable temperature in order to eliminate or drastically reduce the formation of tarnish (silver sulfide).
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): 2 to 100. Caring for Silver and Copper Alloy Objects (PDF format, 450 KB). There is potential for producing hazardous fumes if classes are allowed to over-evaporate salt solutions, either from evaporation of any excess sulfuric acid or from decomposition of the salt. The oxygen absorber, which removes the oxygen, should stop most corrosion reactions, often even those of salt-contaminated iron or steel.
These levels of emissions are easily found in proximity to certain materials, such as wood and wood-based products, oil or alkyd-based paints and coatings, as well as many sealant materials (Table 2). ISBN 978-0-660-35196-4. To determine the optimal ratio, carbon dioxide and dew point sensors are strategically placed throughout the galleries. Also, brand new cotton gloves contain residual chloride from processing, so they need to be washed prior to use. Practical Chemistry activities accompany Practical Physics and Practical Biology. Inside surface finish, including deck and landscape blocks: interior-grade latex (water-based) paint with an acrylic or acrylic-urethane binder. Electrochemical cell: - Combination of two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) in electrical contact and immersed in an electrolyte; the anode and cathode may be different metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal surface. Storage of Metals, revised.
However, polyethylene bags are not efficient in maintaining a low RH environment with desiccants because the polyethylene (here, low-density polyethylene [LDPE]) is a weak water vapour barrier material over the long term, and most bags provide only a thin barrier layer as compared to the wall thickness of a solid tight-fitting (e. gasketed) plastic box. Disadvantages of enclosures are the costs involved, the time it takes to enclose large collections of objects and, if desiccants or sorbents are used, the restricted access to the object (a sealed environment is needed to preserve the conditioned environment within the enclosure). Published by: Canadian Conservation Institute. The priority for metals is to avoid exposing them to high RH (damp, or RH >65%). When a paint, varnish or coating must be applied on a surface within a room which will house metal objects, choose among latex (i. emulsion) products, as these are less harmful to metals. Stable surfaces versus active corrosion.
Metal objects should neither be in direct contact with these objects, nor should they be placed in close proximity to them within an enclosed space. They are easily shaped by bending, drawing and hammering (Figure 1). Ensure that no products used in constructing the enclosure or objects in the vicinity contain sulfur-emitting materials (such as rubber or some paints). Portable document format. Conical flask, 100 cm3. In general, above the threshold of 65% RH, all metal corrosion significantly speeds up. Microenvironment: - A distinct and sealed environment within the larger room environment, where environmental conditions are created and maintained to enhance the preservation of the object(s) enclosed within that space. However, a wax coating may not be aesthetically desirable on highly polished metals. Small zinc granules, approximately 5 g in a labelled container. Collections also contain plated metal objects, as these are fairly common, especially for contemporary items. Dust filters vary depending on the size of the particles they capture.
Recognizing metals and their corrosion products. Freshly polished metal is more prone to tarnishing than if already covered with a tarnish layer. In particular, white lead corrosion products are powdery and can easily transfer, or become airborne, posing an even-greater risk in terms of contact and inhalation (Selwyn 2005). Wear eye protection throughout. The glass doors have no gaskets, but they are equipped with magnets to hold them closed before locking.
Clean cotton gloves can also be used, but note that chloride salts have been found to have penetrated through cotton gloves after just a single use. The deleterious effects of salt, oils and metal particulates are also greatly influenced by RH: - Salts are hygroscopic and actively cause corrosion even at low to moderate RH levels (Rimmer et al. Metals share many useful properties; namely, they are strong, are often lustrous, are good conductors of heat and electricity and they can be cast. Active mechanical systems. With occasional checks, it should be possible to decide when to decant surplus solution from each dish to leave good crystals for the students to inspect in the following lesson. Its most effective use is by wrapping a silver object entirely within it so that the cloth's silver particles sacrificially react first with any outside gaseous sulfur compounds.