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A rapid cross-check should be established in order to validate the desired performance is being achieved. For the pilot to achieve the desired rate of change, it is important for him or her to understand the relationship between the rate at which the HSI changes heading displays and the amount of bank angle required to meet that rate of change. When you step up to high-performance airplanes, you need to upgrade to a high-performance instrument scan.
The roll pointer indicates the angle of the lateral axis of the aircraft compared to the natural horizon. To make a correction, the pilot should apply rudder pressure to bring the aircraft back to coordinated flight. Your reaction, if you are like many transitioning pilots, may be to use reduced power settings in actual or simulated IMC. Knowing the desired attitude of the aircraft with respect to the natural and artificial horizon, you maintain the attitude or change it by moving the appropriate controls. Attitude instrument flying: Controlling the aircraft by reference to the instruments rather than outside visual cues. For flights faster than that, you select "Altitude Hold" on your approach-coupled, three-axis auto-pilot. As the pilot pulls back on the control yoke causing the elevator to rise, the yellow chevron begins to show a displacement up from the artificial horizon line. What is the first fundamental skill in attitude instrument flying pig. The ASI again becomes primary for power [Figure 7-59]. After interpreting the bank attitude from the appropriate instruments, you exert the necessary pressures to move the ailerons and roll the aircraft about the longitudinal axis. Accordingly, knowledge of the power settings and trim changes associated with different combinations of airspeed, gear, and flap configurations reduces instrument cross-check and interpretation problems [Figure 7-60].
In level flight, the pitch attitude varies with airspeed and load. This is caused by the AHRS unit sensing the changing angle between the longitudinal plane of the earth (actual horizon) and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. Continue to scan all instruments to avoid allowing the aircraft to begin a deviation in another attitude. Corrective Action: Once the aircraft has leveled off and the airspeed has stabilized, make small corrections to the pitch attitude to achieve the desired performance. If your high-performance plane has a single IO-520 under the cowl, it has left-turning tendencies in spades in a climb. At first glance, the control/performance scan appears remarkably similar to the primary/supporting scan. The rate and direction of the altimeter and vertical speed indicator confirm the correct pitch adjustment was made, and the altimeter is used to determine when you have reached your assigned altitude. The Control-Performance Technique for Instrument Flying. When you use instruments as substitutes for outside references, the necessary control responses and thought processes are the same as those for controlling aircraft performance by means of outside references. The large pitch change destabilizes the attitude and compounds the error. E. DNA contains thymine whereas RNA contains uracil.
As the pitch attitude is increased, the nose of the aircraft raises, which results in an increase in the angle of attack as well as an increase in induced drag. The attitude will vary according to the type of airplane you are flying. Climbs and Descents, Fundamental Instrument Skills Flashcards. Fixating on any one instrument is antithetical to instrument flying, which requires the development of three fundamental skills: instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control. If you are flying or intend to fly high-performance planes in IMC, it is the technique for you because you need to be an accomplished instrument pilot to fly powerful, slippery airplanes on instruments. No correction is needed when turning to east or west.
A common problem is the failure to maintain coordinated flight. Normally, use a bank angle that approximates the degrees to turn, not to exceed 30°. Just as you must fixate on the attitude indicator during the two-to-three seconds that it takes to transition from straight-and-level to a standard rate turn, you must more or less fixate on the attitude indicator throughout the one to two minutes that it takes to transition from climb to cruise, from cruise to descent, or from descent to cruise. The learner is made aware of his or her performance and progress. It is much more difficult to unlearn and relearn than it is to start from scratch. In addition to trend information, the vertical speed also gives a rate indication. However, if smooth pitch changes are executed, modern glass panel displays are capable of indicating 1 knot changes in airspeed and also capable of projecting airspeed trends. What is the first fundamental skill in attitude instrument flying spaghetti monster. Common Cross-Check: - Common cross-check for a beginner is rapidly looking at different instruments without knowing why or what they are looking for. As the pitch attitude lowers, airspeed increases, and the nose should be raised.
Having earned your instrument rating several years ago, you have acquired a fair amount of instrument experience and a corresponding level of comfort in IMC. Any time the heading remains constant and the roll pointer and the roll index are not aligned, the aircraft is in uncoordinated flight. Once you have gotten your wings wet in IMC, there is no reason to prepare for a once-in-a-thousand-hour emergency by acting as though the emergency condition constantly exists. Altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots. For example, you establish a shallow bank for a 90° turn and stare at the heading indicator throughout the turn, instead of maintaining your cross-check of other pertinent instruments. Vertical S's (Practice Flight Pattern).
…Although no specific method of cross-checking is recommended, those instruments that give the best information for controlling the aircraft in any given maneuver should be used. Coordinated flight is essential to keeping your passengers comfortable and also to assure that the attitude you hold will yield the performance you desire. Here you go again, motoring along on an instrument flight plan in VMC. If you maintain wings-level in a climb and leave your feet on the floor, your plane will yaw dramatically to the left. Reliance on a single instrument is poor technique. Inverted-V Cross-Check. They are instrument cross-check and instrument interpretation, both resulting in positive aircraft control.