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Mass incarceration in the United States isn't a phenomenon that affects most. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Only after years of working on criminal justice reform did my own focus finally shift, and then the rigid caste system slowly came into view. In fact, most criminologists and sociologists today will acknowledge that crime rates and incarceration rates in the United States have moved independently [of] each other. President Ronald Reagan wanted to make good on campaign promises to get tough on that group of folks who had already been defined in the media as black and brown, the criminals, and he made good on that promise by declaring a drug war. Formerly incarcerated people are organizing a movement to abolish all the forms of discrimination against them, voting and housing and employment, access to public benefits. And then suddenly there was a dramatic increase in incarceration rates in the United States, more than a 600 percent increase in incarceration from the mid-1960s until the year 2000. An exceptional growth in the size of our prison population, it was driven primarily by the war on drugs, a war that was declared in the 1970s by President Richard Nixon and which has increased under every president since. And so I think that happens for all of us, when we know there's something we ought to be doing that feels hard, and yet fear whispers to us, to the voices of others, and forces us to do the work that is there for us to do. Your PLUS subscription has expired. Quotes from The New Jim Crow.
"The New Jim Crow" was hardly an immediate best-seller, but after a couple of years it took off and seemed to be at the center of discussion about criminal-justice reform and racism in America. No task is more urgent for racial justice advocates today than ensuring that America's current racial caste system is its last. The New Jim Crow challenges the civil rights community–and all of us–to place mass incarceration at the forefront of a new movement for racial justice in America. Not necessarily their behavior, but them, their humanness. Once in a great while a book comes along that changes the way we see the world and helps to fuel a nationwide social movement. And we knew we couldn't put someone on the stand as a named plaintiff in a class action alleging racial profiling if they had a felony record, because we'd be exposing them to cross-examination about their prior criminal history and turning it into a mini-trial about a young man's criminal past rather than the police conduct. They ignore that statistics that trouble them and continue on in a blase, and of course very dangerous, fashion. Committed to shaking the foundations of systems of inequality, systems of division, systems that cause unnecessary suffering and despair. Within the first few minutes of us announcing this hotline number on the evening news, we received thousands of calls, and our system crashed temporarily.
Most new prison constructions employ predominantly white rural communities, communities that are struggling themselves economically, communities that have come to view prisons as their source of jobs, their economic base. This system is no exception. "Black success stories lend credence to the notion that anyone, no matter how poor or how black you may be, can make it to the top, if only you try hard enough. So America has a higher incarceration rate than other nations.
We say that when people are released from prison we want them to get back on their feet, contribute to society, to be productive citizens, and yet we lock them out at every turn. Hundreds of professional licenses are off limits to people who are convicted of a felony, and sometimes people will say, well, maybe they can't get hired, but they can start their own business; they can be an entrepreneur. Although most drug users are white, three-quarters of those imprisoned on drug charges are Black or Latino. Many people imagine that mass incarceration actually works because crime rates are relatively low now, so hasn't this worked? His grandfather was prevented from voting by Klan intimidation; his father was barred by poll taxes and literacy tests. Prosecutors ask for high sentences.
A movement to end all forms of discrimination against people released from prison. I said, "I'm sorry, I can't represent you with a felony record. " It is possible––quite easy, in fact––never to see the embedded reality. We spent a trillion dollars waging this drug war. We've yet to end the drug war, end all these forms of discrimination against people, whether they are immigrants, or whether they have been branded criminals because of some mistakes they have made in their past. My elation would have been tempered by the distance yet to be traveled to reach the promised land of racial justice in America, but my conviction that nothing remotely similar to Jim Crow exists in this country would have been steadfast. Some scholars have actually argued that the term "mass incarceration" is a misnomer, because it implies that this phenomenon of incarceration is something that affects everyone, or most people, or is spread evenly throughout our society, when the fact is it's not at all. It also means that in these communities, the economic structures have been torn apart. You've successfully purchased a group discount. It was just as I was beginning my work with the A. I was well aware that there was bias in our criminal-justice system, and that bias pervaded all of our political, social, and economic systems. Whether they're labeled 'criminals' because they came into the country without the proper documentation, or whether they were labeled criminals because they were caught with something in their pocket. Clinton eventually moved beyond crime and capitulated to the conservative racial agenda on welfare... in so doing, Clinton - more than any other president - created the current racial undercaste. There's no requiring legalizing drugs, or even decriminalize drugs.
I start asking him more questions. Give me a sense of what's happened over the last 40 years in terms of the numbers of people in prison, in terms of how it's affected specific communities, whether it's very high turnover or people coming on now. Throughout the book, Alexander examines how colorblindness and the absence race often serves as a quiet, insidious way to embed racist ideology into national systems. Due to mandatory minimums and three-strike laws, people caught with a small amount of crack cocaine or guilty of some other minor crime end up having the most absurdly high sentences. This may sound like an overstatement, but upon examination it proves accurate.
"Nothing has contributed more to the systematic mass incarceration of people of color in the United States than the War on Drugs. Describing the rise of Jim Crow in the wake of a growing Populist movement, Alexander notes, History seemed to repeat itself.
To treat the ground where a concrete slab is to be poured, including attached porches, apply 1 gal (about 4 l) of the diluted insecticide emulsion to 10 sq ft (about 1 sq m) as an over-all treatment. Drywood termites establish their colony and continue to live in nondecayed wood having little moisture and, unlike subterranean termites, they never require contact with the ground. Explore UK mammals and get our tips on how to identify them, where to see them and why they're important. By following these guidelines, you can reduce the risk of termite infestations in mulched areas around your home or other structures. Sprinkling against the sides of stucco houses should be avoided or minimized because the resulting dampness favors termite infestation. Protecting trees and shrubs in winter | UMN Extension. Fungi are also known to produce attractants or feeding stimulants. This control method appears to show considerable promise (Esenther and Beal, 1974).
In this article, we share top tips for keeping moose out of your garden and orchard. This is a spectacularly large termite, the alate being 25 to 30 mm long, with wings 6 mm wide, and the soldier, 16 to 22 mm long. At the United States Forest Service's Wood Products Insect Laboratory in Gulfport, Mississippi, it was observed that Reticulitermes flavipes followed marks made by a certain ballpoint pen with blue ink, but other available ballpoint pens did not have this effect. If parts of forms and broken stakes have been left in the ground and cannot be removed, they may be soaked with an oilborne toxicant. Sills also have been constructed of naturally durable or naturally resistant wood, having extractives making them resistant and/or repellent to termites. How to get rid of termites permanently? Nowhere should wood be allowed to come in contact with the ground ( figure 90 [2], [3], [14], [15], and [16]). Animals and Wildlife Archives. This, plus the ability of a colony to exist in a very small piece of wood, results in kalotermitids and another nonsubterranean termite species being easily dispersed from one area to another. When a cloud, hill or building blocks the sun, bark temperature drops rapidly, killing the active tissue. Shrubbery should not be allowed to obstruct the vents ( figure 90 [6]). Concrete is then poured into the excavated area ( figure 92). Termites are small, pale, soft-bodied insects that are often mistaken for ants. If insulation is present, we recommend that the dust be discharged downward, between the plaster lath and the paper that encloses the insulation, to be deposited principally on the floor plate.
Here are some common methods used for termite control: - Identify the type of termite: There are different species of termites, and identifying the type of termite is crucial for selecting the most effective treatment method. Spray the insecticide directly on the termite and dispose of the dead insect properly. It must be remembered that most of these older structures would fall far short of current building regulations, particularly relating to earth-wood contacts, grade levels, and clearance. They have special microorganisms in their digestive system that allow them to break down cellulose into simple sugars that they can use for energy. Learn more: Do termites have wings? The entire subfloor area is also generally sprayed if termites have been found in scraps of wood on the ground, even though the wood is removed. Nevada Dampwood Termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis (Hagen). The soil is first treated with liquid insecticide and cracks, if any, in the foundation wall are flushed with toxicant and sealed. Small wooden home placed in trees for winged animals 1. Their wings are typically clear and have a few visible veins. Chemicals that are secreted to the outside of the bodies of insects for caste regulation, attraction, communication, trail-marking, etc., are called pheromones. Both are influenced by such factors as temperature, air movement, porosity of the soil under the building, etc. Each type of termite has its unique characteristics and behavior patterns, and treatment methods may vary depending on the species involved. Yew, arborvitae, and hemlock are most susceptible, but winter browning can affect all evergreens. The homeowner may arrange for a periodic inspection service done by experienced personnel, usually once a year.
If you call wild moose your neighbors, you probably know how hard it is to keep them out of your garden and away from your trees. Keep gutters and downspouts clear: Ensure water flows freely from gutters and downspouts to prevent water accumulation. If infested wood is broken open, pellets may tumble out of galleries and pockets in the wood in large numbers. The gas must remain in the building for an extended period to be effective, and the building must be thoroughly aerated afterward. Column chromatography of the unsaponifiable lipids from pine wood on which L. trabea was cultured yielded 2 well-separated fractions that were highly active in choice tests and in a trail-following test with Reticulitermes lucifugus (Rossi). The termites will feed on the bait and bring it back to the colony, ultimately leading to the colony's elimination. Alates of Coptotermes formosanus are strongly attracted to lights. Small wooden home placed in trees for winged animals found. The initial toxicity of lindane to termites is extremely high (Ebeling and Pence, 1958), and this insecticide is often used in southern California in attempts to exterminate termites under slabs. Sterilize a sharp knife by dipping in 10% bleach solution (1 oz. The dead limbs on such trees often harbor drywood termites, particularly if the trees are walnut, and these may serve as sources of infestation for the newer houses.
Males and females pair off and begin a small excavation for a new nest.